power series
Noun
Meaning
the sum of terms containing successively higher integral powers of a variable
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An important point is that the p-adic field, or respectively the real or complex field, corresponding to a prime ideal, plays exactly the role, in arithmetic, that the field of power series in the neighborhood of a point plays in the theory of functions: that is why one calls it a local field.
A formal power series ring consists of formal power series : together with multiplication and addition that mimic those for convergent series.
Any polynomial can be easily expressed as a power series around any center c, although most of the coefficients will be zero since a power series has infinitely many terms by definition.
Alternatively, one can use manipulations such as substitution, multiplication or division, addition or subtraction of standard Taylor series to construct the Taylor series of a function, by virtue of Taylor series being power series.
As a holomorphic function, the Laplace transform has a power series representation.
But the general construction of a completion of a metric space is more involved than what is needed here, and would make formal power series seem more complicated than they are.