martensite
Noun
Meaning
a solid solution of carbon in alpha-iron that is formed when steel is cooled so rapidly that the change from austenite to pearlite is suppressed; responsible for the hardness of quenched steel
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Quenching is the process of cooling a high-carbon steel very quickly after heating, thus "freezing" the steel's molecules in the very hard martensite form, which makes the metal harder.
The steel can then be tempered by reheating to a temperature in between, changing the proportions of pearlite and martensite.
Internal stresses from this expansion generally take the form of compression on the crystals of martensite and tension on the remaining ferrite, with a fair amount of shear on both constituents.
There is no thermal activation energy for the transformation from austenite to martensite.
When rapidly cooled, a diffusionless (martensite) transformation occurs, in which the carbon atoms become trapped in solution.